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Benjamin Morrell (July 5, 1795 – 1838 or 1839?) was an American sea captain, explorer and trader who made a number of voyages, mainly to the Atlantic, the Southern Ocean and the Pacific Islands. In a ghost-written memoir, ''A Narrative of Four Voyages'', which describes his sea-going life between 1823 and 1832, Morrell included numerous claims of discovery and achievement, many of which have been disputed by geographers and historians, and in some cases have been proved false. He ended his career as a fugitive, having wrecked his ship and misappropriated parts of the salvaged cargo. Morrell had an eventful early career, running away to sea at the age of 17 and being twice captured and imprisoned by the British during the War of 1812. He subsequently sailed before the mast for several years before being appointed as chief mate, and later as captain, of the New York sealer ''Wasp''. In 1823 he took ''Wasp'' for an extended voyage into subantarctic waters, and on his return made unsubstantiated claims to have travelled beyond 70 °S and to have sighted new coastlines in the area now known as the Weddell Sea. His subsequent voyages mainly centered on the Pacific, where he attempted to develop trading relations with the indigenous populations. Although Morrell wrote of the enormous potential wealth to be obtained from the Pacific trade, his endeavours were, in the main, commercially unprofitable. Despite his reputation among his contemporaries for untruth and fantasy, Morrell has been defended by some later commentators who, while questioning his general reliability, maintain that not all his life was fraud and exaggeration. They believe that aside from the bombast and boastful tone of the account that carries his name, there is evidence that he carried out useful work, such his discovery of large-scale guano deposits which led to the development of a full-scale industry. He is believed to have died in 1838 or 1839, in Mozambique; there is, however, evidence to suggest that this death might have been staged, and that he lived on in exile, possibly in South America. ==Early life and career== Morrell was born at Rye, in Westchester County, New York, on July 5, 1795. He grew up in Stonington, Connecticut, where his father, also named Benjamin, was employed as a shipbuilder.〔 Morrell, after minimal schooling, ran away to sea at the age of 17 "without taking leave of any member of my family, or intimating my purpose to a single soul".〔Morrell, Introduction, pp. ix–xi〕 During the War of 1812, which broke out while he was at sea, he was twice captured by the British; on his first voyage his ship, carrying a cargo of flour, was intercepted off St John's, Newfoundland, and Morrell was detained for eight months. His second voyage landed him in Dartmoor prison, England, for two years.〔H. R. Mill, p. 104〕 After his release Morrell continued his seafaring career, sailing before the mast as an ordinary seaman since his lack of education prevented him advancing to officer rank.〔 A sympathetic captain, Josiah Macy, taught him what he needed to know to qualify as an officer,〔American National Biography (Vol. 15), p. 879〕 and in 1821 he was appointed chief mate on the sealer ''Wasp'', under Captain Robert Johnson.〔 ''Wasp'' was bound for the South Shetland Islands, which had been discovered three years earlier by the British Captain William Smith.〔H. R. Mill, pp. 94–95〕 Morrell, who had evidently heard stories of these islands, was keen to go there.〔 On the ensuing voyage he was involved in a series of "remarkable adventures"〔 which included a narrow escape from drowning, then being lost at sea in a small boat during a gale that swept him from the ship, and leading efforts to extricate ''Wasp'' when she became trapped in the ice.〔H. R. Mill, p. 105〕 On the day following his return to New York, Morrell was appointed captain of ''Wasp'', while Johnson took over the schooner ''Henry''.〔 The two ships were jointly commissioned to return to the South Seas for sealing, trading and exploration, and "to ascertain the practicality, under favourable circumstances, of penetrating to the South Pole."〔Morrell, p. 30〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Benjamin Morrell」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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